See clawen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "claw"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "claw"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "clow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "claw"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "clawe",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "infinitival",
"pos2": "infinitival suffix"
},
"expansion": "By surface analysis, clawe + -en (infinitival suffix)",
"name": "surf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "clawan"
},
"expansion": "Old English clawan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*klauwjan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *klauwjan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*klawjaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *klawjaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "clawian"
},
"expansion": "Old English clawian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*klawēn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *klawēn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "clawan"
},
"expansion": "Old English clawan",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "",
"3": "clāwu"
},
"expansion": "Old English clāwu",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "By surface analysis, clawe + -en (infinitival suffix); originally two distinct verbs:\n* Old English clawan or clāwan, remodelling of *clīeġan, from Proto-West Germanic *klauwjan, from Proto-Germanic *klawjaną.\n* Old English clawian, from Proto-West Germanic *klawēn.\nIf Old English clawan has a long stressed vowel, the pronunciation with /ɔu̯/ continues that; otherwise it likely reflects later influence from clowe, a variant of the noun clawe (which continues Old English clāwu or *clōwu).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "claweth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "clawende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "clawynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "clawed",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "clawen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to clawen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "clawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "clawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clawed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clew",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clawest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clawedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clewe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "claweth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "clawed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "clew",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "clawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "clawed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "clewe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "clawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clawen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "clawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "claweden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clawede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clewen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clewe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "claweth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "clawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clawynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "clawende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "clawed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "clawen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "clawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yclawed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yclawen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "clawe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "clowe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "clawy",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "clawyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "clawen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "claw"
},
"expansion": "clawen (third-person singular simple present claweth, present participle clawende, clawynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle clawed)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "claw",
"s2": "clew",
"s3": "clew",
"s4": "claw",
"sc": "7"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 32 14 11 13 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 22 15 17 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 47 10 11 12 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 54 8 10 10 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 59 9 8 9 8",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Animal body parts",
"orig": "enm:Animal body parts",
"parents": [
"Body parts",
"Anatomy"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To scratch at with the claws; to claw or make lacerations."
],
"id": "en-clawen-enm-verb-5QxM~7LU",
"links": [
[
"scratch",
"scratch"
],
[
"claw",
"claw"
],
[
"claw",
"claw"
],
[
"laceration",
"laceration"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "25 22 15 17 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To scratch or rub gently."
],
"id": "en-clawen-enm-verb-DWo1PryD",
"links": [
[
"scratch",
"scratch"
],
[
"rub",
"rub"
],
[
"gently",
"gently"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "25 22 15 17 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To grab or grasp; to make a tight grip."
],
"id": "en-clawen-enm-verb-PBRDAUbw",
"links": [
[
"grab",
"grab"
],
[
"grasp",
"grasp"
],
[
"tight",
"tight"
],
[
"grip",
"grip"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To grab or grasp; to make a tight grip."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "25 22 15 17 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To flatter; to butter up."
],
"id": "en-clawen-enm-verb-Eqp3wpUq",
"links": [
[
"flatter",
"flatter"
],
[
"butter up",
"butter up"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To flatter; to butter up."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "25 22 15 17 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To clean or remove by scratching."
],
"id": "en-clawen-enm-verb-bpZLRsqk",
"links": [
[
"clean",
"clean"
],
[
"remove",
"remove"
],
[
"scratch",
"scratch"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To clean or remove by scratching."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈklau̯ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈklɔu̯ən/"
}
],
"word": "clawen"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "clawen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "clawe"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural of clawe"
],
"id": "en-clawen-enm-noun-jkiFzsxy",
"links": [
[
"clawe",
"clawe#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"plural"
]
}
],
"word": "clawen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English class 7 strong verbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English non-lemma forms",
"Middle English noun forms",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Animal body parts"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "claw"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "claw"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "clow"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "claw"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "clawe",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "infinitival",
"pos2": "infinitival suffix"
},
"expansion": "By surface analysis, clawe + -en (infinitival suffix)",
"name": "surf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "clawan"
},
"expansion": "Old English clawan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*klauwjan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *klauwjan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*klawjaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *klawjaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "clawian"
},
"expansion": "Old English clawian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*klawēn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *klawēn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "clawan"
},
"expansion": "Old English clawan",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "",
"3": "clāwu"
},
"expansion": "Old English clāwu",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "By surface analysis, clawe + -en (infinitival suffix); originally two distinct verbs:\n* Old English clawan or clāwan, remodelling of *clīeġan, from Proto-West Germanic *klauwjan, from Proto-Germanic *klawjaną.\n* Old English clawian, from Proto-West Germanic *klawēn.\nIf Old English clawan has a long stressed vowel, the pronunciation with /ɔu̯/ continues that; otherwise it likely reflects later influence from clowe, a variant of the noun clawe (which continues Old English clāwu or *clōwu).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "claweth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "clawende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "clawynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "clawed",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "clawen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to clawen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "clawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "clawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clawed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clew",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clawest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clawedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clewe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "claweth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "clawed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "clew",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "clawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "clawed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "clewe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "clawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "clawen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "clawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "claweden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clawede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clewen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clewe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "claweth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "clawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "clawynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "clawende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "clawed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "clawen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "clawe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yclawed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yclawen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "clawe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "clowe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "clawy",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "clawyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "clawen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "claw"
},
"expansion": "clawen (third-person singular simple present claweth, present participle clawende, clawynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle clawed)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "claw",
"s2": "clew",
"s3": "clew",
"s4": "claw",
"sc": "7"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To scratch at with the claws; to claw or make lacerations."
],
"links": [
[
"scratch",
"scratch"
],
[
"claw",
"claw"
],
[
"claw",
"claw"
],
[
"laceration",
"laceration"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To scratch or rub gently."
],
"links": [
[
"scratch",
"scratch"
],
[
"rub",
"rub"
],
[
"gently",
"gently"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To grab or grasp; to make a tight grip."
],
"links": [
[
"grab",
"grab"
],
[
"grasp",
"grasp"
],
[
"tight",
"tight"
],
[
"grip",
"grip"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To grab or grasp; to make a tight grip."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To flatter; to butter up."
],
"links": [
[
"flatter",
"flatter"
],
[
"butter up",
"butter up"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To flatter; to butter up."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To clean or remove by scratching."
],
"links": [
[
"clean",
"clean"
],
[
"remove",
"remove"
],
[
"scratch",
"scratch"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To clean or remove by scratching."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈklau̯ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈklɔu̯ən/"
}
],
"word": "clawen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English non-lemma forms",
"Middle English noun forms",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Animal body parts"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "clawen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "clawe"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural of clawe"
],
"links": [
[
"clawe",
"clawe#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"plural"
]
}
],
"word": "clawen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for clawen meaning in Middle English (7.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-05-27 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-05-01 using wiktextract (4997730 and 9380997). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.